Химия

The dynamics of a biochemical system is obviously subjected to universal laws of thermodynamics, but analytical forms of the criteria and constraints having been deduced up to date and findable in the literature are to some extent arguable. The paper examines the thermodynamic constraints on chemical reaction pathways and is aimed at fi nding the ways to boost equilibrium-limited reactions under mild conditions by means of blurring the equilibrium or circumventing it.

Phase equilibria and solubility have been studied by the visual polythermal method in mixtures of components along a series of sections of the composition triangle within the temperature range of 10–60°C in the ternary systems lithium carbonate – water – diisopropylamine (triethylamine). For each system, the temperatures of formation of the critical node of the monotectic state have been determined: in the system with triethylamine, it is 14.0°C, and with diisopropylamine, it is 22.4°C.

Environmental pollution from human activities is currently a serious environmental problem. Organic xenobiotics are slowly biodegraded and accumulate in the environment: regular monitoring not only confi rms the presence of various pollutants in rivers, soils, and the atmosphere, but also indicates their growth.

The study investigates the structural and surface changes occurring in carbonate drilling sludge (CDS) of oil-based origin under high-temperature pyrolysis. The main focus is placed on the transformation of the organo-mineral system using IR spectroscopy, as well as on the changes in textural characteristics analyzed by adsorption–pore methods (BET and BJH). It has been established that pyrolysis ensures the complete removal of the organic fraction of the sludge, which is confi rmed by the disappearance of characteristic aliphatic hydrocarbon bands in the IR-spectra.

This study presents the results of a comprehensive investigation of liquid products obtained during the thermal treatment of organo-mineral sludge. The main focus is placed on determining the chemical composition, establishing fractional distribution, and evaluating the fuel characteristics of the resulting liquid fraction. A set of analytical methods, including gas chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis, has been employed to provide a detailed characterization of the product.