For citation:
Savenkova M. С., Демышева А. Д., Pleshakova E. V. Biotesting of melamine using a multi-component test system. Izvestiya of Saratov University. Chemistry. Biology. Ecology, 2024, vol. 24, iss. 3, pp. 334-341. DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2024-24-3-334-341, EDN: ZBRCHL
Biotesting of melamine using a multi-component test system
In recent decades, halogen-containing fl ame retardants have been gradually replaced by safer fl ame retardants, including nitrogen-containing compounds. However, their ecotoxicity is poorly studied. The ecotoxicity of melamine, a widely used nitrogen fl ame retardant, at concentrations equal to MPC in water (4 mg/L), 5 MPC (20 mg/L) and 10 MPC (40 mg/L) was assessed in this study using a complex of test organisms. The assessment of ecotoxicity using the dehydrogenase activity of Dietzia maris AM3 as a test microorganism revealed a stimulating eff ect of melamine at a concentration equivalent to the MPC; concentrations of 5 and 10 MPC inhibited the activity of dehydrogenases by 19.3% and 10.5%, respectively, indicating low toxicity. No toxic eff ects were observed on protococcal algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijer at any of the tested concentrations. The eff ect of melamine solutions on the mortality of crustaceans Daphnia magna Straus was noted only at a concentration of 10 MPC, and the mortality rate was 25%. Lemna growth inhibition test showed that melamine at concentrations equal to the MPC and 5 MPC had an inhibitory effect on the growth of Lemna minor L. It also caused a significant decrease (by 47–52%) in the total chlorophyll content in fronds when exposed to all studied concentrations of melamine.
- Advances in fi re retardant materials / eds. A. R. Horrocks, D. Price. Cambridge : Woodhead Publishing, 2008. 616 p. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845694701
- Shi D., Shrestha R. K., Obaid H., Elsayed N. S., Zhong S., Hashim, M. H., Cheng Y., Xie D., Ni C., Ni J. Valorization of nitrogen-rich melamine as a nitrogen source in the production of maize (Zea mays L.) // Industrial Crops and Products. 2023. Vol. 199. Article ID 116770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.116770
- Smit C. E. Water quality standards for melamine. A proposal in accordance with the methodology of the Water Framework Directive. RIVM Letter report 2018-0077. The Netherlands : National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 2018. 48 p.
- Li Z., McLachlan M. S. Comparing non-targeted chemical persistence assessed using an unspiked OECD 309 test to fi eld measurements // Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts. 2020. Vol. 5. P. 1233–1242. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9em00595a
- El-Sayed W. S., El-Baz A. F., Othman A. M. Biodegradation of melamine formaldehyde by Micrococcus sp. strain MF-1 isolated from aminoplastic wastewater effl uent // International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. 2006. Vol. 57, № 2. P. 75–81. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2005.11.00
- Dodge A. G., Wackett L. P., Sadowsky M. J. Plasmid localization and organization of melamine degradation genes in Rhodococcus sp. strain Mel // Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2012. Vol. 78, № 5. P. 1397–1403. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.06468-11
- Takagi K., Fujii K., Yamazaki K., Harada N., Iwasaki A. Biodegradation of melamine and its hydroxy derivatives by a bacterial consortium containing a novel Nocardioides species // Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2012. Vol. 94, № 6. P. 1647–1656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3673-9
- Lütjens L. H., Pawlowski S., Silvani M., Blumenstein U., Richter I. Melamine in the environment: a critical review of available information // Environmental Sciences Europe. 2023. Vol. 35. Article ID 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12302-022-00707-y
- Hongkai Z., Kurunthachalam K. Occurrence and distribution of melamine and its derivatives in surface water, drinking water, precipitation, wastewater, and swimming pool water // Environmental Pollution. 2020. Vol. 258. P. 283–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113743
- СанПиН 1.2.3685-21 «Гигиенические нормативы и требования к обеспечению безопасности и (или) безвредности для человека факторов среды обитания». М. : Минюст России, 2021. 1029 с.
- Chu C. Y., Wang C. C. Toxicity of melamine: The public health concern // Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis. 2013. Vol. 31, № 4. P. 342–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590 501.2013.844758
- Guo C., Yuan H., He Z. Melamine causes apoptosis of rat kidney epithelial cell line (NRK-52e cells) via excessive intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) and the activation of p38 MAPK pathway // Cell Biology International. 2012. Vol. 36, № 4. P. 383–389. https:// doi.org/10.1042/cbi20110504
- Yiu A. J., Ibeh C.-L., Roy S. K., Bandyopadhyay B. C. Melamine induces Ca2+-sensing receptor activation and elicits apoptosis in proximal tubular cells // American Journal of Physiology – Cell Physiology. 2017. Vol. 313, № 1. P. 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00225.2016
- Плешакова Е. В. Разработка нового метода определения токсичности нефтезагрязнённой почвы // Вестник СГТУ. 2010. № 3. С. 188–193.
- ПНД Ф Т 14.1:2:3:4.10-04. Токсикологические методы контроля. Методика измерений оптической плотности культуры водоросли хлорелла (Chlorella vulgaris Beijer) для определения токсичности питьевых, пресных природных и сточных вод, водных вытяжек из грунтов, почв, осадков сточных вод, отходов производства и потребления. М. : ФЦАО, 2014. 38 с.
- ПНД Ф Т 14.1:2:3:4.12-06. Токсикологические методы контроля. Методика измерений количества Daphnia magna Straus для определения токсичности питьевых, пресных природных и сточных вод, водных вытяжек из грунтов, почв, осадков сточных вод, отходов производства и потребления методом прямого счета. М. : ФБУ ФЦА, 2014. 39 с.
- Цаценко Л. В., Пасхалиди В. Г. Рясковые как модельный объект в биотестировании водной и почвенной среды // Масличные культуры. Научно-технический бюллетень Всероссийского научно-исследовательского института масличных культур. 2018. Т. 4, № 176. С. 146–151.
- Wang H., Geng C., Li J., Hu A., Yu C.-P. Characterization of a novel melamine-degrading bacterium isolated from a melamine-manufacturing factory in China // Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2014. Vol. 98, № 7. P. 3287–3293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-5363-2
- He Z., Hu X., Zhang C., Yang X., Zhong Q., Guo J., Wang J., Xiong L., Liu D. Physicochemical characteristics of Scenedesmus obliquus with different treatments of melamine // 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. Wuhan: IEEE, 2011. P. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2011.5781418
- Печникова И. А. Сравнительная оценка токсичности и опасности симтриазинов в воде на примере производных циануровой кислоты и меламина : дис. ... канд. мед. наук. М., 2013. 140 с.